Njengoba izinsizakusebenza kanye nemvelo ziqhubeka zincipha ezweni lethu, iminyango kahulumeni iphakamise imigomo “yokufeza intuthuko esimeme, ukwakha umphakathi ogcina izinsizakusebenza futhi onobungane nemvelo” kanye “nokuqinisekisa ukwehla ngo-20% kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokwehla ngo-10% kokukhishwa okuphelele kwezinto ezingcolisa kakhulu njengoba kunqunywe kuHlelo Lweminyaka Eyishumi Nanye”. EShayina,ukuphonsaidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu embonini yokukhiqiza imishini, lapho ukukhiqizwa kokukhipha kubekwe endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni iminyaka eyisithupha ilandelana. Kunezinkampani zokukhipha ezingaphezu kuka-27000, phakathi kwazo, ngaphandle kwamabhizinisi ambalwa amakhulu anobuchwepheshe bokukhipha obuthuthukisiwe, imishini yokukhiqiza emihle kakhulu, kanye nezinyathelo eziyisisekelo zokuvikela imvelo, iningi lamabhizinisi okukhipha lisenobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obuphelelwe yisikhathi, imishini yokukhiqiza ephelelwe yisikhathi, kanye nezinkinga zokuvikela imvelo ezingakafakwa ohlelweni lomsebenzi.
Imboni yokukhiqiza izisekelo ezweni lethu ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ekuvikelweni kwemvelo. Ngokusho kwemibiko, u-80% kuya ku-95% we-ChinaukuphonsaAmafektri asebenzisa kakhulu ukubumba ngesandla, futhi ngaphansi kuka-5% wenani lilonke lama-fire oven afakwe izinsiza zokuvikela imvelo ezisebenzayo. Amabhizinisi angaphezu kuka-80% asebenzisa izindawo ezinzima endaweni, izimo zokusebenza ezimbi, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obusemuva, kanye nezindlela zokukhiqiza ezibanzi. Ngokombono wesakhiwo somkhakha wokubumba, amabhizinisi anamasimu amancane okubumba noma ama-workshop angaphansi kwesitshalo sokukhiqiza esiphethe, kanye nezitshalo zokubumba zobungcweti kanye nenani elikhulu lezitshalo zokubumba zasemalokishini. Ngokwezinga lokukhiqiza kanye nobukhulu, kunezindawo ezinkulu zokusekela ezinemishini ephezulu, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, kanye nomkhiqizo waminyaka yonke wamashumi ezinkulungwane zamathaniukuphonsa, kanye nezindawo ezincane zokukhiqiza izinsimbi ezinemishini elula, ukusebenza ngezandla, ubuchwepheshe obuphelelwe yisikhathi, kanye nomkhiqizo waminyaka yonke wamathani angaphezu kwekhulu ezinsimbi zokukhiqiza. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngenxa yomthelela wamandla, izici zemvelo, kanye namanani abasebenzi, ukukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi zokukhiqiza emazweni aseNtshonalanga athuthukile ezimboni kuye kwehla, futhi kancane kancane baye baphendukela emazweni asathuthuka ukuze bathenge imishini yokukhiqiza izinsimbi evamile, kuyilapho bethumela imikhiqizo yokukhiqiza izinsimbi esezingeni eliphezulu enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kobuchwepheshe kanye nenani elengeziwe emazweni asathuthuka. Njengamanje, ukusheshisa komnotho womhlaba wonke kunikeza amathuba nezinselelo zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yezinsimbi zokukhiqiza izinsimbi yaseShayina. Isidingo sezinsimbi zokukhiqiza izinsimbi zaseShayina ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke nezasekhaya sibonisa ukuthambekela kokukhula okuqhubekayo.
Imishini yokusakaza,ukubumba isihlabathi sokucubungula
Ngokusekelwe ezingeni lamanje lobuchwepheshe bokuphonsa kanye nezinkinga ezinkulu eShayina, lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela ezisebenzayo zokufeza "ukuphonsa okuluhlaza nokunobungani nemvelo" kulezi zici ezilandelayo:
1. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindinganiso zokukhiqiza eziluhlaza embonini yezingcezu kuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo njengomqondo wokuklama umkhiqizo kanye nezindlela, ubuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa izinto, izinqubo zokukhiqiza kanye nobuchwepheshe bemishini, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola, ubuchwepheshe bokuzenzakalela, njll. Lezi yizingxenye ezihlobene, ezincikene, futhi ezibalulekile zokusinda kanye nokuthuthukiswa komkhakha wezingcezu. Yakha izinqubo zokukhiqiza eziluhlaza kanye nokukhiqiza ukuqinisekisa "ikhwalithi eluhlaza yemvelo" yemikhiqizo yokukhiqiza kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza, futhi uthuthukise izakhiwo zemvelo zezingcezu kuyo yonke impilo yazo emthonjeni. Uma ubheka izici ezibalulekile ezithonya ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngqo, izinsiza, kanye nokukhishwa kokungcola kanye nemfucuza, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obuluhlaza kanye nobuchwepheshe bemishini yokucubungula buyasetshenziswa ukuguqula izinto ezingavuthiwe nezisizayo (okufakwayo) zibe yizingcezu (imiphumela ewusizo), ngaleyo ndlela kufezwe ukukhiqizwa kweqiniso "kokukhiqiza okuluhlaza kanye nobungane nemvelo". Shintsha izinto zokusetshenziswa zendabuko kanye nobuchwepheshe bazo bokusebenzisa ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ezihlanzekile nezinobungane nemvelo kanye nobuchwepheshe bazo bokusebenzisa; ④ Ukwamukela ubuchwepheshe bokuthola nokulawula obuthuthukisiwe, obusheshayo nobunembile, ukwenza ngcono inqubo yokukhiqiza izingcezu, ukususa noma ukunciphisa imfucuza yokukhiqiza, ukuthuthukisa isivuno sokukhiqiza, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokungcola okubangelwa ukutholakala okungafanele noma okunganembile, kanye nokufeza "ukukhiqizwa okuluhlaza kanye nobungane nemvelo"; ⑤ Ukwamukela ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha amapayipi obusebenzayo nobusebenzayo ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kokungcola emvelweni. Ngaphezu kokuphakamisa izidingo zobuchwepheshe zalezi zici ezingenhla, kuyadingeka futhi ukuhlangana nezimo zikazwelonke zemboni yezinsimbi zokwenziwa eShayina, ukuze amabhizinisi akwazi ukwamukela uhlelo lokuphatha olungcono kakhulu (olungabizi kakhulu, olusebenza kahle kakhulu) ukuze kufezwe ukukhishwa komoya okugcina okuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zemvelo zikazwelonke.
2. Kusukela ezicini ezahlukahlukene njengobuchwepheshe bokubumba, izinto zokubumba, kanye nemishini yokusakaza
Isimo samanje sokuvikelwa kwemvelo embonini yezinsimbi zokubumba yaseShayina siyakhathaza. Kungenziwa imizamo yokukhuthaza ukuvikelwa kwemvelo embonini yezinsimbi zokubumba kusukela ezicini ezahlukene njengobuchwepheshe bokubumba, izinto zokubumba, kanye nemishini yokukhipha: ① Ubuchwepheshe bokubumba kanye nezinto zokubumba: Ukubumba isihlabathi kuyindlela eyinhloko yobuchwepheshe bokubumba, okubalwa u-80% kuya ku-90% womkhiqizo wonke wokukhipha. Ekukhiqizeni ukubumba, ukungcola kothuli, ukungcola komoya, kanye nokungcola okuqinile okubangelwa izinto zokubumba zesihlabathi yizona ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kufezwe ukukhiqizwa okuluhlaza nokuhlanzekile ekubumbeni isihlabathi, kufanele kusetshenziswe izihlanganisi eziluhlaza ezingaphili ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi inani lezihlanganisi ezengeziwe kufanele lincishiswe ngangokunokwenzeka (kungcono ngaphandle kwezihlanganisi). Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu ekuxazululeni inkinga yokuvuselela isihlabathi esidala futhi kuzonciphisa kakhulu ingcindezi emvelweni. Phakathi kwezindlela ezahlukene zokubumba isihlabathi ezihilelekile njengamanje, ukubumba okulahlekile kwe-foam kanye nokubumba kwe-V-method kusetshenziswa ukubumba kwesihlabathi esomile okungenanamathela, kanye nokubumba isihlabathi sengilazi yamanzi nge-glue, yizona ezinamathuba amaningi okufeza izinqubo zokukhiqiza "eziluhlaza nezinobungane nemvelo". I-foam casting engena-glue elahlekile yaziwa ngokuthi “ubuchwepheshe obusha bokuphonsa bekhulu lama-21” kanye “nobunjiniyela obuluhlaza ekuphonseni” Imishini yokukhipha: Njengamanje, izingxenye eziningi zensimbi encibilikisiwe zaseShayina ziyancibilikiswa futhi zikhiqizwe kusetshenziswa izitofu zokuqhuma, ezisebenzisa izinto ezihlanzekile nezihlala isikhathi eside, izitofu zokuqhuma eziqhutshwa ngomoya oshisayo osebenza kahle kakhulu, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuthutha, ukuthulula, kanye nokwelashwa kwesikhunta nge-iron liquid ukuze kuncishiswe inani le-oxidation yensimbi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-slag; Ukwamukela izinyathelo ezinconyiwe ze-International Council for Casting Environment Control yokwelashwa kokuhlanza izinto zesithando kunganciphisa ukukhishwa kothuli ngesikhathi senqubo yokuncibilikisa; Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-slag obupholiswe ngamanzi kungenza i-slag ibe yinto yokwakha esebenza kahle kakhulu; Sebenzisa ngokuphelele igesi yokukhipha umoya esithandweni sokuqhuma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekukhiqizeni ukukhishwa, imishini yokucubungula ekhiqiza uthuli nomsindo, njengokuthutha, ukuhlola, ukuhlanza, kanye nemishini yokuwisa isihlabathi, ingathuthukiswa esakhiweni somkhiqizo ukuze kuncishiswe noma kuqedwe uthuli.
3. Ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obusha bokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamagesi angcolile ukuze kuvikelwe imvelo yemvelo nokwandisa ukongiwa kwemithombo sekube umgomo ophuthumayo ophishekelwa izisebenzi ze-foundry emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, lapho amabhizinisi e-foundry aseShayina akha noma enza ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, kufanele futhi ahlele ukusetshenziswa kabusha okuphelele kwemfucuza. Lokhu kungenziwa kusukela kulezi zici ezilandelayo: ① Lapho uklama izinhlelo zokuguqula, qala ucabangele ukwandisa ukutshalwa kwezimali ekuvikelweni kwemvelo, futhi kunconywa ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuvikelwa kwemvelo kubheke ngaphezu kuka-15% wemali iyonke etshaliwe; ② Ukwamukela imishini yokusakaza ethuthukisiwe esetshenziswa ngomshini, ezenzakalelayo, futhi evalekile ukuze kufezwe imigomo yokuvikelwa kwemvelo; ③ Ukwamukela izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe indawo yokusebenza; ④ Ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obusha bokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemfucuza ye-foundry ngokubhekisela ezindleleni zokulahla imfucuza zamabhizinisi e-foundry angaphandle; ⑤ Namathela ezimisweni zokunciphisa, ukusebenzisa kabusha, kanye nokuvuselela kabusha emnothweni ojikelezayo.
Ukuphonsa okuluhlaza nokunobungani nemvelo “kuyisibonakaliso sesu lokuthuthukiswa okusimeme kwezenhlalo embonini yokukhiqiza. Kusukela emandleni okukhiqiza, izinga lobuchwepheshe, izinga lekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nezinto zokusetshenziswa, amakhono obuchwepheshe bokuphonsa, izinga lokuphathwa kwekhwalithi, kanye nokukhishwa kwesihlabathi esingcolile, igesi engcolile, uthuli, izinsalela zemfucuza, umsindo, njll. embonini yokuphonsa yaseShayina, kusetshenziswa ekufinyeleleni kocwaningo lwemfundiso yangaphandle kanye nomkhuba, futhi ngokusekelwe ezicini eziyisisekelo, izinkinga ezikhona, kanye nezidingo eziyisisekelo zomklamo wokuvikelwa kwemvelo wemboni yokuphonsa yaseShayina kanye nezinga lobuchwepheshe bokuphonsa, amazinga ayisisekelo okuklama ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kwezixhumanisi ezahlukene zokukhiqiza enkambisweni yokukhiqiza ukuphonsa amiswa njengemigomo yokwakha okusha, ukuvuselela, ukwandisa, kanye namaphrojekthi okuguqula ubuchwepheshe emabhizinisini okuphonsa aseShayina. Ukuziphatha kwamabhizinisi okukhiqiza ukuphonsa kujwayelekile, futhi ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kukhuthazwa ngamandla ukuze kufezwe “ukuphonsa okuluhlaza nokunobungani nemvelo”, Kuthuthukiswe izinga lobuchwepheshe lemboni ye-foundry yaseShayina ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zentuthuko esheshayo yomnotho wezwe.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-10-2025