Amathoyizi akhula ngokwengeziwe inqubo yenqubo eqhutshwa idatha ukuze afinyelele izinhloso zesikhathi eside zekhwalithi ephezulu, imfucuza encane, isikhathi esiphezulu kanye nezindleko ezincane. Ukuvumelanisa okuhlanganiswe ngokuphelele kwedijithali yezinqubo zokuthululwa nezinqubo zokubumba (ukusakaza okungenamthungo) kubaluleke kakhulu kumathokheni abhekene nezinselelo zokukhiqiza nje ngesikhathi, izinguquko ezincishisiwe zomjikelezo kanye nezinguquko ezivame kakhulu zemodeli. Ngezinhlelo ezenzakalelayo zokubumba nezinhlelo zokuphonsa ngaphandle komthungo, inqubo yokuphonsa iba ngokushesha futhi izingxenye ezisezingeni eliphakeme zikhiqizwa ngokungaguquguquki. Inqubo yokuthulula ezenzakalelayo ifaka ukuqapha izinga lokushisa lokuthulula, kanye nokudla izinto ze-inoculation kanye nokuhlola isikhunta ngasinye. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphonswa ngakunye futhi kunciphisa inani lokukhahlela. Lokhu okuzenzakalelayo okuphelele kunciphisa nesidingo sabasebenza ngeminyaka yesipiliyoni esikhethekile. Ukusebenza kubuye kube kuphephile ngoba bambalwa abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo. Lo mbono awuwona umbono wekusasa; Lokhu kwenzeka manje. Amathuluzi afana ne-autoryry automation namarobhothi, ukuqoqwa kwedatha kanye nokuhlaziywa sekuvele ngaphezulu kweminyaka, kepha inqubekelaphambili iye yasheshisa muva nje ngokuthuthukiswa kwekhompyutha ephezulu yokusebenza kanye nezinzwa ezihambisanayo ze-4.0 nezinzwa ezihambisanayo. Izisombululo kanye nabalingani manje sebenise amandla amathoyizi ukudala ingqalasizinda eqinile, ehlakaniphile ukusekela amaphrojekthi amaningi azimele, ahlanganise izinqubo eziningi ezizimele ngaphambili zokuzimela. Ukugcina kanye nokuhlaziya idatha yenqubo eqoqwe yilezi ezizenzakalelayo, izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe zivula nomnyango omuhle wokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwedatha okuqhubekayo. Amathoshi angaqoqa futhi ahlaziye amapharamitha enqubo ngokuhlola idatha yomlando ukuthola izixhumanisi phakathi kwazo nemiphumela yenqubo. Inqubo ezenzakalelayo bese ihlinzeka ngemvelo esobala lapho noma yikuphi ukuthuthukiswa okukhonjwe ukuhlaziywa kungahlolelwa kahle futhi kuqinisekiswe ngokushesha, kuqinisekiswe futhi, lapho kungenzeka khona.
Izinselelo Zokubumba Engenamthungo ngenxa yenkambiso ekukhiqizeni nje esikhathini, amakhasimende asebenzisa imigqa yokubumba ye-Disomatic® ngokuvamile kufanele aguqule amamodeli njalo phakathi kwamabhethri amancane. Kusebenzisa imishini efana ne-othomathikhi ye-powder Changer (i-APC) noma i-ackaver esheshayo ye-powder (QPC) kusuka ku-dis, izifanekiso zingashintshwa kancane njengomzuzu owodwa. Njengoba kwenzeka izinguquko zephethini eliphakeme kakhulu, ibhodlela lenqubo livame ukufudukela kuya ekuthululeni - isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze uhambise ngesandla uTundish uthele ngemuva koshintsho lwephethini. Ukuphonsa komthungo kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokwenza ngcono lesi sinyathelo senqubo yokuphonsa. Yize ukusakaza kuvame ukushintshwa ngokwengxenye, ezenzakalelayo ezigcwele kudinga ukuhlanganiswa komthungo kwezinhlelo zokulawula zomugqa wokubumba kanye nemishini yokugcwalisa ukuze isebenze ngokuvumelanisa ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izimo ezisebenzayo. Ukufeza lokhu ngokuthembekile, iyunithi yokuthulula kumele yazi ngqo ukuthi kuphephile yini ukuthulula isikhunta esilandelayo futhi, uma kunesidingo, shintsha isikhundla seyunithi yokugcwalisa. Ukuthola ukugcwaliswa okuzenzakalelayo okuzenzakalelayo kwinqubo yokukhiqiza ezinzile yohlobo olufanayo akuyona into enzima. Njalo lapho kwenziwa isikhunta esisha, ikholomu yokubumba ishukumisela ibanga elifanayo (ubukhulu bokubumba). Ngale ndlela, iyunithi yokugcwalisa ingahlala esimweni esifanayo, isilungele ukugcwalisa isikhunta esilandelayo esingenalutho ngemuva kokuthi umugqa wokukhiqiza umisiwe. Ukulungiswa okuncane kuphela kwesikhundla sokuthela kudingeka ukunxephezela izinguquko ekubumbeni isikhunta esibangelwa izinguquko ekunciphiseni kwesihlabathi. Isidingo salolu shintsho esihle sisanda kuncipha ngenxa yezici ezintsha zokubumba izici ezivumela izikhundla ukuze zihlale zingaguquguquki ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza okungaguquki. Ngemuva kokuthelwa ngakunye kuqediwe, umugqa wokubumba ushukumisela umuzwa owodwa futhi, ubeka isikhunta esilandelayo esingenalutho endaweni ukuze uqale ukuhalulwa okulandelayo. Ngenkathi lokhu kwenzeka, idivaysi yokugcwalisa ingagcwaliswa. Lapho ushintsha imodeli, ubukhulu bokubumba bungashintsha, obudinga ezenzakalelayo. Ngokungafani nenqubo ye-sandbox evundlile, lapho ukuphakama kwe-sandbox kulungiswe khona, inqubo eqonde mpo ingahlehlisa ubukhulu bokubumba okudingekayo kwisethi ngayinye yamamodeli ukuze kugcinwe isihlabathi sensimbi. Le nzuzo enkulu ekuqinisekiseni ikhwalithi yokuphonsa kahle nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza, kepha ukuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene kwenza ukulawulwa kokuphoqa okuzenzakalelayo kube yinselele enkulu. Ngemuva koshintsho olumodeli, umshini we-disomatic® uqala ukukhiqiza iqoqo elilandelayo lezikhunta zobukhulu obufanayo, kepha umshini wokugcwalisa emgqeni usagcwalisa isikhunta semodeli esedlule, engahle ibe nobukhulu obuhlukile bokubumba. Ukulwa nalokhu, umugqa wokubumba kanye nesitshalo sokugcwalisa kufanele sisebenze ngaphandle komthungo njengohlelo olulodwa oluvumelanisiwe, lukhiqiza isikhunta sobukhulu obuthile futhi buthulule ngokuphepha omunye. Ukuthulula okungenamthungo ngemuva koshintsho lwephethini. Ngemuva koshintsho lwephethini, ubukhulu bokubumba okusele phakathi kwemishini yokubumba buhlala bufanayo. Iyunithi yokuthulula eyenziwe ngemodeli yangaphambilini ihlala ifana, kepha njengoba isikhunta esisha esiphuma emshinini wokubumba kungenzeka sibe mnyama noma sinciphile, yonke intambo ingathuthukela kumabanga ahlukene emjikelezweni ngamunye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngokushaywa yinhlangothi ngakunye komshini wokubumba, uhlelo lokuphonsa olungenamthungo kufanele lulungise isikhundla sokuphonsa ukulungiselela i-cast elandelayo. Ngemuva kokuthi i-batch ye-bold of isikhunta iyathululelwa, ubukhulu bokubumba buba njalo futhi ukukhiqizwa okuzinzile kuqalisa kabusha. Isibonelo, uma isikhunta esisha singama-150mm ubukhulu esikhundleni sokubumba okungama-200mm obusekuthululelwa ngaphambili, idivaysi yokuthela kumele idluliselwe i-50mm ibuyele emshinini wokubumba ukuze ube sesimweni sokubumba. . Ukuze isitshalo esithululayo ukulungiselela ukufudukela lapho ikholamu yokubumba iyeka ukuhamba, isilawuli sezitshalo sokugcwalisa kufanele sazi kahle ukuthi yini ezothulula lapho futhi izofika khona endaweni yokuthulula. Usebenzisa imodeli entsha ekhiqiza isikhunta esiwugqinsi ngenkathi kuphonsa isikhunta esincanyana, uhlelo kufanele lukwazi ukuphonsa isikhunta ezimbili emjikelezweni owodwa. Isibonelo, lapho wenza isikhunta esibubanzi engu-400mm futhi uthele isikhunta esibubanzi engu-200mm, idivaysi yokuthela kufanele ibe ngu-200mm kude nomshini wokubumba womuntu ngamunye owakhiwe. Kwesinye isikhathi ukuthi unhlangothi lwe-400mm luzocindezela ububanzi obungama-200mm abangabubukeli bendawo ephuma endaweni yokuthela. Kulokhu, umshini wokubumba kumele ulinde kuze kube yilapho idivaysi yokugcwalisa isiqedile ukunwebela isikhunta ezimbili ezingama-200mm ngaphambi kokuqhubekela phambili kunhlangothi elandelayo. Noma, lapho wenza isikhunta esincanyana, umppeloperi kufanele akwazi ukweqa ukusathenjwa ngokuphelele emjikelezweni ngenkathi usathela isikhunta esiwugqinsi. Isibonelo, lapho wenza ububanzi be-200mm ububanzi futhi buthulule isikhunta esibubanzi esingu-400mm, ukubeka isikhunta esisha esingu-400mm endaweni yokuthela endaweni yokuthela kusho ukuthi kuzodingeka yenziwe. Ukulandelela, ukubalwa kanye nokushintshana kwedatha kuyadingeka ekubumbeni okuhlanganisiwe nokuthulula uhlelo ukuhlinzeka ngokuthululwa okuzenzakalelayo okungenazinkinga, njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla, kuvezwe izinselelo zabahlinzeki abaningi bemishini phambilini. Kepha ngenxa yemishini yesimanje, izinhlelo zedijithali kanye nemikhuba emihle kakhulu, ukuthulula komthungo kungaba (futhi sekutholakele masinyane ngokusetha okuncane. Isidingo esikhulu yindlela ethile ethi "Accounting" yenqubo, ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi mayelana nendawo yefomu ngalinye ngesikhathi sangempela. I-Monitizer® ye-Disa Njengesikhathi sesikhathi, kukhiqiza uchungechunge lwemifudlana yedatha egxile ngesikhathi ukubala isikhundla sokubumba ngakunye kanye ne-nozzle emgqeni wokukhiqiza njalo ngomzuzwana ngamunye. Uma kunesidingo, ishintshana ngedatha ngesikhathi sangempela ngohlelo lokulawula izitshalo namanye amasistimu ukufezekisa ukuvumelanisa okuqondile. Uhlelo lwe-Disa lukhipha idatha ebalulekile yokubumba ngakunye kusuka ku-database ye-CIM, njengokuqina kokubumba futhi ungakwazi / akukwazi ukuthululwa, bese uyithumela ohlelweni lokulawula izitshalo. Usebenzisa le datha enembile (ekhiqizwa ngemuva kokuthi isikhunta senyuke), umthululo ungahambisa umhlangano wokuthululeka esimweni esifanele ngaphambi kokuba isikhunta sifike, bese siqala ukuvula induku yokumisa ngenkathi isikhunta sisaqhubeka. Isikhunta sifika ngesikhathi sokuthola insimbi esitshalweni sokuthulula. Lesi sikhathi esifanelekile sibalulekile, okungukuthi ukuncibilika kufinyelela inkomishi yokuthela. Isikhathi sokufika ngebhodlela lokukhiqiza elijwayelekile, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuqala kokuqala kokuthulula, izikhathi zomjikelezo zingancishiswa ngamashumi ongelona wesekhondi. Uhlelo lokubumba le-Disa luphinde ludlulise idatha efanelekile emshinini wokubumba, njengosayizi wamanje wokubumba kanye nokucindezela komjovo, kanye nedatha yenqubo ebanzi efana nedatha ye-monitizer enjenge-monitizer ® | CIM. Futhi, i-Monitizer® | I-CIM ithola futhi igcina amapharamitha abucayi asezingeni eliphakeme isikhunta ngakunye kusuka esitshalweni sokugcwalisa, njengokuthela izinqubo zokushisa, uthele isikhathi. Lokhu kuvumela amafomu ngamanye ukuba abhalwe kubi futhi ahlukaniswe ngaphambi kokuxuba ohlelweni olunyakazayo. Ngaphezu kokuzenzakalelayo kwemishini yokuhlanganisa, imigqa yokubumba kanye nokusakaza, i-monitizer® | I-CIM ihlinzeka ngemboni engu-4.0-ehambisanayo yokutholwa, ukugcinwa, ukubikwa kanye nokuhlaziywa. Abaphathi abatholile bangabuka imibiko enemininingwane bese behlela phansi kwidatha ukulandelela izindaba zekhwalithi futhi baqhubekele phambili. Isipiliyoni se-Ortrander's Swearling Eisenhütte yi-wadry ephethwe ngumndeni eJalimane esebenza ngokukhethekile ekhiqizweni laphakathi nendawo, amakhethini ensimbi esezingeni eliphakeme lezinto ezisebenza ngezimoto, izitofu ezisebenza ngengqalasizinda kanye nengqalasizinda, kanye nezingxenye zemishini ejwayelekile. I-wappry ikhiqiza insimbi empunga, insimbi evuthayo nensimbi ehlanganisiwe ye-graphite futhi ikhiqiza cishe amathani angama-27,000 ama-caspings aphezulu ngonyaka, asebenza amashifu amabili izinsuku ezinhlanu ngesonto. I-Ortrander isebenza ama-6-Tonnection ukuncipha ukuncipha kanye nemigqa emithathu yokubumba ye-dis, ekhiqiza cishe amathani ayi-100 ka-Castings ngosuku. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukukhiqizwa okufushane kugijima ihora elilodwa, kwesinye isikhathi ngaphansi kwamakhasimende abalulekile, ngakho-ke ithempulethi kufanele iguqulwe njalo. Ukwenza kahle ikhwalithi kanye nokusebenza kahle, i-CEO Bernd H. Williams-Book itshale imali ebalulekile ekusebenziseni ezenzakalelayo kanye nokuhlaziya. Isinyathelo sokuqala kwakuwukushintsha inqubo yokuncibilika kwe-Iron ukuncibilika kanye ne-dosing, uthuthukise amathone amathathu akhona akhona usebenzisa uhlelo lwakamuva lwePuptech, olufaka ubuchwepheshe be-3D Laser, ukufakwa kokushisa kanye nokulawulwa kokushisa. Izindawo, imigqa yokubumba kanye nokusakaza manje ilawulwa ngokwedijithali futhi ivumelaniswa, isebenza cishe ngokuzenzakalelayo. Lapho umshini wokubumba ushintsha imodeli, i-PAPPTECH RAPE REENDIes I-Disa Monitizer® | Isistimu ye-CIM ye-New Mow Disensions. Ngokusekelwe kwidatha ye-Dis, isilawuli sokuthululela sibala lapho ukubeka khona indawo yokuthulula uthele ngakunye. Uyazi kahle ukuthi isikhunta esisha sokuqala sifika nini esitshalweni sokugcwalisa futhi sishintshela ngokuzenzakalelayo ukulandelana okusha okuthulula. Uma i-jig ifinyelela ekugcineni kokushaywa kwayo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, umshini wokuduma we-disomatic® uyama futhi i-jig ibuya ngokuzenzakalelayo. Lapho isikhunta esisha sokuqala sisuswa emshinini, opharetha uyaziswa ukuze akwazi ukubona ukubona ukuthi kusesimweni esifanele. Izinzuzo zezinqubo zokuphonsa kwesandla zendabuko ezingenamthungo noma izinhlelo ezingaphansi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezizenzakalelayo zingaholela ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza esilahlekile ngesikhathi sokushintsha imodeli, okuvinjelwe ngisho nokushintsha okusheshayo komshini wokubumba. Ngesandla ukusetha kabusha i-tapper and pour maill kancane, kudinga abahlinzeki abaningi, futhi kuthambekele emaphutheni anjenge-flare. I-Ortrander yathola ukuthi lapho i-bhonwa ngesandla, abasebenzi bakhe bagcina bekhathele, balahlekelwa ukugxila, futhi benza amaphutha, njengokushaya. Ukuhlanganiswa komthungo kokubumba nokuthela kunika amandla ngokushesha, izinqubo ezisezingeni eliphakeme futhi eziphakeme ngenkathi kunciphisa imfucuza kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula. Nge-Ortrander, ukugcwaliswa okuzenzakalelayo kuqeda imizuzu emithathu edingekayo ukuguqula isikhundla seyunithi yokugcwalisa ngesikhathi kuguqulwa kwemodeli. Inqubo yokuguqulwa yonke esetshenziselwa ukuthatha imizuzu engu-4,5, kusho uMnu Williams-Book. Ngaphansi kwemizuzu emibili namuhla. Ngokushintsha phakathi kwamamodeli ayi-8 no-12 shift shift, abasebenzi be-Ortrander manje bachitha imizuzu engaba ngu-30 perch shift, isigamu njengakuqala. Ikhwalithi iyathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kanye nekhono lokukwenza ngcono izinqubo ngokuqhubekayo. I-Ortrander inciphise imfucuza cishe nge-20% ngokungenisa imali engenamthungo. Ngaphezu kokunciphisa isikhathi sokuphumula lapho ushintsha amamodeli, wonke umsizi wokubumba nokuthulula kudinga abantu ababili esikhundleni sabathathu abaphambili. Kwamanye amashifu, abantu abathathu bangasebenzisa imigqa emibili ephelele yokukhiqiza. Ukuqapha cishe zonke lezi zisebenzi zikwenza: ngaphandle kokukhetha imodeli elandelayo, ukuphatha izingxube zesihlabathi nokuhambisa ukuncibilika, banemisebenzi embalwa ebanjwayo. Enye inzuzo isidingo esincishisiwe sabasebenzi abanolwazi, okunzima ukuthola. Yize i-automation idinga ukuqeqeshwa okuthile kwe-opharetha, inikeza abantu imininingwane ebalulekile yenqubo abadingayo ukwenza izinqumo ezinhle. Ngokuzayo, imishini ingenza zonke izinqumo. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemininingwane kusuka kokuphonswa komthungo lapho uzama ukuthuthukisa inqubo, amathoyizi avame ukuthi athi, "Senza into efanayo ngendlela efanayo, kodwa ngemiphumela ehlukile." Ngakho-ke baphonsa emazingeni okushisa afanayo kanye nezinga imizuzwana eyi-10, kepha ezinye izinqobelo zinhle kanti ezinye zimbi. Ngokwengeza izinzwa ezizenzakalelayo, ukuqoqa idatha egxiliwe kwipharamitha ngayinye yenqubo, nemiphumela yokuqapha, uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwe-Seamlen Casting ludala uchungechunge lwemininingwane yenqubo ehlobene, okwenza kube lula ukubona izimbangela zenqubo lapho ikhwalithi iqala ukonakala. Isibonelo, uma ukufakwa okungalindelekile kwenzeka eqoqweni lama-brake disc, abaphathi bangahlola ngokushesha ukuthi amapharamitha angaphakathi kwemingcele eyamukelekayo. Ngoba abalawuli ngomshini wokubumba, isitshalo sokuphonsa kanye neminye imisebenzi efana nezinsimbi kanye nabaxube be-sand basebenza ekhonsathini, imininingwane abayikhiqizayo ingahle ihlaziye ukukhomba ubudlelwano kuyo yonke inqubo, isuka engxenyeni yokugcina yekhwalithi yokugcina. Isibonelo esisodwa esingenzeka ukuthi uthele kangakanani izinga kanye nokushisa kuthinta isikhunta ukugcwaliswa kwemodeli ngayinye. I-database ebikhona futhi ibeka isisekelo sokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esizayo kwamasu wokuhlaziya azenzakalelayo anjengokufunda komshini kanye ne-intelligence yokufakelwa (AI) ukwenza ngcono izinqubo. I-Ortrander iqoqa idatha yenqubo ngesikhathi sangempela ngokusebenzisa indawo yokuxhumana yomshini, izilinganiso zezinzwa kanye namasampula wokuhlola. Ngokuphonsana ngakunye, kuqoqwe amapharamitha ayinkulungwane. Phambilini, yaqopha kuphela isikhathi esidingekayo ekuthuleni ngakunye, kepha manje iyazi kahle ukuthi izinga le-nozzle yokuthela njalo, livumela abasebenzi abanolwazi ukuthi bahlole ukuthi le nkomba yokugcina ithinta kanjani ezinye izinkomba, kanye nekhwalithi yokugcina yenkomba. Ingabe uketshezi lukhishwa kusuka ku-nozzle othululwayo ngenkathi isikhunta sigcwala, noma i-nozzle yokuthulula igcwaliswe isilinganiso esiseduze nesikhathi sokugcwaliswa? I-Ortrander ikhiqiza isikhunta sezigidi ezintathu kuya kwezihlanu ngonyaka futhi iqoqe inani elikhulu ledatha. I-Ortrander futhi igcina izithombe eziningi zokuthululela ngakunye ku-taptech database uma kwenzeka kunezingqinamba zekhwalithi. Ukuthola indlela yokukala ngokuzenzakalelayo lezi zithombe kuyinhloso yesikhathi esizayo. Isiphetho. Ukuqalwa okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokuthulula imiphumela ezinqubweni ezisheshayo, ikhwalithi ehambisanayo kanye nokungcola okuncane. Ngokuphonsa okubushelelezi kanye nokushintsha kwephethini ezenzakalelayo, umugqa wokukhiqiza usebenza ngempumelelo ngokuzimele, edinga umzamo omncane wezandla. Njengoba opharetha edlala indima yokugada, abasebenzi abambalwa bayadingeka. Ukuphonsa komthungo manje sekusetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni wonke futhi kungasetshenziswa kubo bonke abatholakele banamuhla. I-wappry ngayinye izodinga ikhambi elihlukile elihlanganisiwe lihlelwe ngezidingo zalo, kepha ubuchwepheshe bokulisebenzisa bufakazelwe kahle, okwamanje buyatholakala kusuka ku-Disa nakwabalingani bayo uthele i-ab-ab, futhi akudingi msebenzi omningi. Umsebenzi wangokwezifiso ungaqhutshwa. Ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kobuhlakani bokufakelwa kanye ne-automation ehlakaniphile kuma-autoryries kusesigabeni sokuhlola, kodwa njengoba amathole kanye nama-oums aqoqa imininingwane eminingi kanye nolwazi olwengeziwe kule minyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu ezayo kuzosheshisa kakhulu. Lesi sixazululo okwamanje siyazikhethela, kepha njengoba i-Intelligence yedatha iyindlela engcono kakhulu yokwenza izinqubo futhi ithuthukise inzuzo, ukuqoqwa kwedatha nokuqoqwa kwedatha sekuba umkhuba ojwayelekile kunokuba kube yiphrojekthi yokuhlola. Esikhathini esedlule, izimpahla ezinkulu kakhulu zakwamanye amazwe zaziyimodeli yayo kanye nesipiliyoni sabasebenzi bayo. Manje ukuthi ukuphonsa komthungo kuhlanganiswe nezinhlelo ezinkulu ze-automation kanye nemboni, idatha isheshe iba yinsika yesithathu yempumelelo ye-bandry.
-Siyabo ngobuqotho uTrap-Tech kanye ne-Ortrander Eisenhütte ngenxa yokuphawula kwabo ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwalesi sihloko.
Yebo, ngithanda ukuthola iphephandaba le-BI-SENTRE FEELY-PLANET etholile nazo zonke izindaba zakamuva, izivivinyo nemibiko ngemikhiqizo nezinto zokwakha. Izinhlobo zezindaba ezikhethekile - konke ngokukhanselwa kwamahhala noma kunini.
Isikhathi Sokuthumela: Oct-05-2023